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Telecommunications Protocols: Open Systems Interconnection (OSI) Model

Telecommunications Protocols: Open Systems Interconnection (OSI) Model

OSI in the modern understanding of computer networks Evolution of computer networks from global to local networks Basic principles of the OSI model

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Which reflectometer to choose for new fiber-optic lines?

Which reflectometer to choose for new fiber-optic lines?

Bidirectional and unidirectional testing. Checking the optical line at both ends with two reflectometers. Bidirectional testing using one OTDR.

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Best budget-friendly optical reflectometer

Best budget-friendly optical reflectometer

Price-to-performance ratio. What accessories and equipment are necessary? The main criteria for choosing an optical reflectometer.

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Search for intermittent faults, and Pupin coils using a reflectometer.

Search for intermittent faults, and Pupin coils using a reflectometer.

Intermittent defect: wait or fix? Why is it specifically a reflectometer? Pupin coils are now obstacles to digital services.

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Finding branches using a reflectometer

Finding branches using a reflectometer

How cable branches are formed? What's wrong if a branch is? Methodology for locating the branch connection point

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Finding water damage in a cable using a reflectometer

Finding water damage in a cable using a reflectometer

Signs of water presence in the cable Methods for locating cable water ingress points What if there's a fault in the waterlogged section of the cable?

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Reflectometer applications: methods for finding significant cable damage

Reflectometer applications: methods for finding significant cable damage

Consider the primary functions of reflectometers, such as automatic detection, searching for crossed pairs, and identifying 'floating' defects.

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Reflectometers' characteristics: additional capabilities

Reflectometers' characteristics: additional capabilities

Critical options for reflectometers: Why is this important, and how do you use it?

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Reflectometers for metal cables: noise filtering, propagation coefficient, and its determination methods

Reflectometers for metal cables: noise filtering, propagation coefficient, and its determination methods

The noise filtering function - how to use it, when it helps and when it interferes with measurements. An important parameter is the velocity of propagation (VoP) - how it affects the measurement accuracy and how it can be determined experimentally if its value is unknown.

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Reflectometer's characteristics: sensitivity, accuracy, resolution, working distance

Reflectometer's characteristics: sensitivity, accuracy, resolution, working distance

How to compare OTDRs from different manufacturers? What is more critical: resolution capability or sensitivity? How to determine the actual range of a device?

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